TNF and Parkinson disease: Another study evaluated a panel of cytokines (interferon γ, IL-10, IL-18, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, transforming growth factor β1, and TNF-α) in the CSF of patients with PSP, MSA, and PD and found a significant increase in microglial-derived cytokines in PSP and MSA compared to PD (Hall et al., 2018).