DMD and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: In DMD, lack of Dp427 is the cause of a progressive degeneration and physiological impairment of all muscle types (Chu et al., 2002; Wallace and McNally, 2009); however, DMD patients also experience a high incidence of significant neurological disorders (Mehler, 2000; Anderson et al., 2002; Cyrulnik and Hinton, 2008; Hinton et al., 2009; Waite et al., 2009; Ricotti et al., 2016b), the severity of which depends on the type, number, and location of mutations within the DMD gene (Doorenweerd et al., 2017).