Evidence indicates that oxidative stress closely links to mitochondrial dysfunction and alterations in cellular homeostasis and damage, the result of which is known to lead to various neurological diseases and neurodegenerative disorders.71 Many of the mitochondrial proteins that are involved in oxidative stress response were upregulated or downregulated in the brain following spaceflight (eg, ACAD9, COA5, DNM1L, FDXR, NDUFAF5, NDUFV2, OPA1, PNPLA8, SCO1, SURF1, and TXN2). This evidence concerns the gene SURF1 and nervous system disorder.