Elevated circulating copeptin is associated with a host of comorbidities including enhanced risk of metabolic syndrome with abdominal obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, cognitive impairment, microalbuminuria, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer and premature mortality [92,93,94,95]. This evidence concerns the gene AVP and type 2 diabetes mellitus.