However, in addition to defects in this signaling pathway, numerous reports suggest that other pathways, such as inflammation [13,14,15,16], lipid peroxidation products [17], oxidative stress [18,19,20,21,22,23], a decrease in intracellular pH [pH]i [9,24] and autophagy [25,26], could cross-talk with insulin-signaling pathway and either cause or exacerbate insulin resistance in the muscle. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is Insulin resistance.