GDF15 and glioblastoma: In addition, we observed a protective role of GDF15 in both the glomerular and tubular compartment as evidenced by increased macrophage infiltration and expression of inflammatory markers in Gdf15-/- mice, indicating that glomerular inflammation in autologous anti-GBM disease involves both innate and adaptive immunity [49,50] and that GDF15 could act as a regulator of both immune responses.