The only other studies to our knowledge that examine MBM and extracranial metastases from the same patients include a molecular profiling study in with MBM demonstrating increased expression of proteins in the PI3K/AKT pathway [27] and a whole genome profiling study in which matched MBM and extracranial metastases were more similar to each other than to the primary melanoma [15]. Here, AKT1 is linked to melanoma.