Similarly, Grhl3-null mutants exhibited fully penetrant spina bifida, and lack of Grhl3 expression in the hindgut caused curly tail phenotype, which occurs during the final stages of neural tube closure (Ting et al., 2003; Auden et al., 2006; Gustavsson et al., 2007). The gene discussed is GRHL3; the disease is spina bifida.