MDM2 and glioma: Moreover, considering the importance of reported glioma-associated driver-gene alterations in glioma initiation and progression, including ATRX, P53 pathway (TP53, MDM2, MDM4), RB pathway (CDK4, CDK6, CCND2, CDKNA/B, RB1), and P13K/RTK pathway (PIK3CA, PIK3R1, PTEN, EGFR, PDGFRA, NF1), we obtained the somatic mutation data from the TCGA database (32, 33).