Increased methylation of DDR and cell cycle related genes was also found progressively in the different types of pancreatic cancer from noninvasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN), IPMN with carcinoma in situ, IPMN with microinvasion and infiltrative IPMN with associated adenocarcinoma, including APC, hMLH1, MGMT, BRCA1, p14 and P16 [117]. Here, BRCA1 is linked to cancer.