MCP-1, MIP-1α and IL-8 chemokines and the cytokine IL-12 are expressed higher in MERS-CoV infection compared to SARS-CoV infection (83, 122, 123) MERS-CoV induced higher levels of IFN-γ, IP-10, IL-12, and RANTES than SARS-CoV (83). Here, CCL5 is linked to severe acute respiratory syndrome.