Interestingly, genetic deletion of PD-1 in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice led to spontaneous lupus-like disease or autoimmune cardiomyopathy, respectively, but no T1D (26, 27), thus implying that a defective PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory pathway is not sufficient to trigger autoimmune diabetes. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is autoimmune cardiomyopathy.