PDCD1 and Autoimmunity: The important therapeutic implication of those findings is that restoring the PD-1/PD-L1 function could represent a valid strategy to treat T1D at different stages: to counter-regulate β cell autoimmunity and prevent T1D in individuals genetically at-risk or autoantibodies positive (Stage 1/2), to promote immune tolerance and preserve residual β cell mass in new onset T1D patients (Stage 3) and, finally, to reduce alloreactive responses and favor survival of transplanted islets in T1D patients with established disease (Stage 4).