TNF and glomerulosclerosis: In a rat model of unilateral nephrectomy and doxorubicin-induced nephropathy, HKC (at doses of 0.5 and 2.0 g/kg by intragastric [i.g.] administration for 28 days) notably improved the general status of rats; alleviated renal histological changes, proteinuria, albuminuria, and glomerulosclerosis; decreased the infiltration of ED1+ and ED3+ macrophages into the glomeruli; and inhibited the protein expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the kidney (Tu et al., 2013; Zhao et al., 2019).