Moreover, mechanism studies showed that HKC significantly downregulated the protein expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) by suppressing the p38/MAPK signaling pathway in a rat model of doxorubicin-induced nephropathy (Tu et al., 2013; Zhao et al., 2019). The gene discussed is MAPK14; the disease is kidney disorder.