TGFB1 and neoplasm: Plasmodium pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, HZ and immunostimulatory nucleic acid motifs [36], can be recognized by host immune cell sensors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) [37, 38], and this recognition triggers systemic immune responses that counteract the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment containing TGF-β, IL-10, regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSCs) and thereby contributes to the suppression of tumor development [39, 40].