When stratifying by compound-level sero-prevalence, mean regression estimates found a reduced odds of clinical malaria if residing in a compound with sero-prevalence less than 50% for all antigens and an increased odds of clinical malaria in compounds with greater than 50% sero-prevalence for four antigens (Etramp5.Ag1, GEXP18, HSP40.Ag1, and PfMSP119) (Fig. 5a, Additional file 2 - Tables S3, S7, S11, S19, and S23). Here, DNAJB1 is linked to malaria.