AKT1 and depressive symptom measurement: Furthermore, GLP-1RA, including liraglutide, have pro-cognitive effects via molecular pathways and contribute to the pathophysiology of depression and to antidepressant efficacy; GLP-1RA has direct roles in the neurogenesis of the dentate gyrus [199], beneficial actions on mitochondria via the PI3K/Akt pathway and upregulation of antiapoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, and neuroprotective effects by decreasing neuroinflammation and improving control of synaptic plasticity [194].