TP53 and HIV-1 infection: HIV-1 infection also induces genotoxic stresses linked to p53 activation in CD4+ T cells by integration-mediated dsDNA strands break, secretion of type I interferons, and expression of HIV-1 accessory proteins Vpr/Vpu, which may be considered as intracellular markers of HIV-1 infection [89,90,91,92].