Even in the absence of CD28 co-stimulation, IL-1β potently drives the differentiation into IL-17/IFN-γ double-producing T-cells (Th17) [83,84] suggesting that IL-1β inducing adjuvants may foster vaccine immunogenicity against pathogens that require Th17 responses, such as pneumococcal or fungal infections. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and fungal infectious disease.