CTSA and hepatocellular carcinoma: Also, the serum concentrations of CTSA in HCC (1.024 [0.592–6.674] ng/mL) were significantly higher than that in LCs (0.625 [0.075–2.758] ng/mL) and NCs (0.380 [0.167–1.404] ng/mL) (P < 0.05, Mann–Whitney test).