Alternatively, given the range of contexts in which the immediate early gene response is implicated, it is possible that meningiomas may more broadly arise from partial misactivation of developmental gene expression programs driven by upstream signaling events such as receptor tyrosine kinases, bone morphogenetic proteins or Wnt agonizts, similar to Hedgehog pathway misactivation in basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, and other inherited and sporadic malignancies64. The gene discussed is NTRK1; the disease is basal cell carcinoma.