Current adoptive CAR-modified immune cell therapies for HCC mainly target three antigens: glypican-3 (GPC3, NCT02723942, NCT02905188, NCT02395250, NCT03146234, NCT03084380, NCT02715362, NCT03198546, NCT03302403), α-fetoprotein (AFP, NCT03349255), and mucin-1 (MUC1, NCT02587689). The gene discussed is AFP; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.