Advanced age [11, 26–28, 30, 32], female sex [27, 29], obesity/adiposity [17, 27, 30], hyperuricemia/gout [27, 30, 31], longer duration of HIV [32], CD4 count less than 200 cells/mL [32], hyperkalemia [28], dyslipidemia [28, 30], hypertension, diabetes mellitus [11, 17, 30], smoking [17, 30], consumption of alcohol [17, 30] and herbal medication [17], self-medication [30] were associated with increased odds of CKD. Here, CD4 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.