CCL2 and congenital rubella syndrome: The main cytokines involved in CRS pathogenesis include interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-10, IFN, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and GM-CSF; other cytokines such as TNF, IL-1, IL-2, IL-2 receptor, and IL-8 have also been described during CRS.