TNF and escherichia coli infection: The present results elicited severe inflammatory response to E. coli infection, with an increase in H/L ratio and high release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) (Table 2 and Table 3), that were reported to induce excessive production of ROS and exacerbate oxidative stress which negatively affects T-cell signaling, activation and proliferation [76,77,78].