FOXO3 and neoplasm: Thus, FOXO3A can act as a tumor suppressor [5] and is a downstream target of several oncogenic pathways [9], including the ERK [10], nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB)-inhibitor of NF-kB kinase-β (IKKβ) [11], and PI3K-Akt signaling cascades [6,7,8,9].