VEGFA and neoplasm: CAFs exhibit several functions in cancer: promoting malignant cell growth through bidirectional signalling with both tumour cells and other cells within the TME [11,12]; facilitating the process of metastasis through synthesis and remodelling of extracellular matrix (ECM) components and secretion of angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [11,13]; sustaining cancer cell bioenergetics through release of CAF-derived metabolites [14,15]; contributing to tumour chemoresistance [3,16]; and promoting evasion of immune surveillance [17,18].