DDIT3 and metabolic disease: In addition, a newly discovered myokine that protects against metabolic disorders and atherosclerosis, irisin, was shown to inhibit the PERK/eIF2α/CHOP and ATF6/CHOP ER stress signaling pathways, thereby alleviating the apoptosis of cultured RAW264.7 macrophages induced by ox-LDL [119].