TNF and diabetic retinopathy: Instead, we could only infer that the active ingredients contained in Compound-Xueshuantong Capsule had inhibitory effects on the AGE-RAGE signal pathway in diabetic complications, TNF signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and VEGF signaling pathway in diabetic retinopathy due to their effects on neovascularization, retinal edema, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress injury.