CRH and Gastrointestinal dysmotility: Abnormal excitatory and inhibitory input due to the effect of the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic inhibition of Ach release), neurotransmitters (VIP, NO, substance P, and CGRP), hormones such as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), endogenous opioids, and bowel manipulation has been shown to result in various forms of gastrointestinal dysmotility in animal experiments [70, 76, 91].