Conditions associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and subclinical organ damage, such as daily smoking, obesity, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and a history of cardiovascular disease, are known to coexist with an elevated suPAR level, despite being independent of other inflammation biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP)3,4. This evidence concerns the gene CRP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.