INS and ischemia: Several factors are reported to induce the translocation of GLUT1 to the plasma membrane, including interleukin 3 (IL-3) [24], nitric oxide [25], low-density lipoprotein (LDL) [26], insulin [27], dehydroepiandrosterone (DEHA) [28], ischemia [27], and the combination of hypoxia and high glucose concentration [29].