In these cells and via the protein kinase A or C pathway, HK-1 promotes the phosphorylation of Akt, jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 and extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK) 1/2, leading to the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) [34,35], and increases the levels of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 14 and membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase, facilitating the migration of tumor cells [34,35,36]. Here, FOS is linked to neoplasm.