For example, targeted immunoassays support increased levels of Hp [137,142] and GFAP [179,186,188,196,199,200] in NMOSD with respect to all comparison cohorts studied, with the exception of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), by as much as 1000-fold. The gene discussed is GFAP; the disease is acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.