GADD45A and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Western blot analysis showed that CB11 induced the expression of p-ATM, p-chk2, p-p53, GADD45α, and cleaved caspase-3 in control NSCLC cells; however, ATM knockdown inhibited CB11-mediated ATM signalling markers and cleavage of caspase-3 (Fig. 3h).