NFKB1 and cancer: As mentioned above, LTβR-mediated non-canonical NF-κB promotes the TLO formation by inducing the expression of adhesion molecules and chemokines such as CXCL12, CXCL13, CCL19 and CCL21 to recruit immune cells (Fig. 3).388,389 TLOs modulate the local anti-cancer immune response by recruiting and regulating immune cells, including T cells, B cells, DCs and other myeloid cells.