C57BL/6 mice lacking IKKβ (also known as IKBKB) in epithelial cells were more severely affected by DSS colitis (Greten et al., 2004), whereas Il-10−/− mice lacking IKKβ in the intestinal epithelium had similar colitis to those with intact NF-κB signalling; however, in both these models, loss of IKKβ in myeloid cells attenuated colitis and improved survival (Eckmann et al., 2008). Here, NFKB1 is linked to colitis.