DYRK1A and Down syndrome: DYRK1A is abnormally expressed in Down syndrome, Alzheimer′s disease, Pick′s disease [3], lung cancer, cervical cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), glioblastoma, melanoma, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and acute myeloid leukemia [4,5,6,7].