The plasma levels of major neuroendocrine inhibitors of innate immune reactivity, such as acetylcholine, cortisol, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), estrogen, and norepinephrine, are typically altered in AD patients, suggesting either chronic hyperactivity or, more often, exhaustion of neural controls of immune reactivity [54, 64, 119]. The gene discussed is VIP; the disease is Alzheimer disease.