CLOCK and infection: A disadvantage of using buccal cells to measure TL is that poor oral hygiene or infection during sampling can alter oral cell composition.44 Fifth, future research will benefit from measuring the intensity and duration of multiple adversities across levels, time scales, and domains using repeated assessments of ELA exposures, capturing dynamic cellular aging by tracking multiple hallmarks of aging (eg, mitochondrial function, cellular senescence, and the epigenetic clock).