GDNF and ischemia: Previously, by using ELISA on nonperfused brain tissues, we reported that IGF-1 concentrations increase in ischemia core and striatum in dMCAO model at 48 h after MSC infusion; yet levels of other neurotrophic factors, such as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and vascular endothelial grown factor (VEGF) are not changed compared to those of the ischemia vehicle group at 2, 4, and 7 days after ischemia onset and MSC infusion [15].