INS and Hyperglycemia: IR is associated with hyperinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension and a proinflammatory state, as well as the effect of perturbed insulin signaling at the level of the intimal cells (endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and macrophages), all of which predispose to arterial stiffness [13, 14, 35–37].