GOT1 and familial pancreatic carcinoma: In the case of pancreatic cancer, it has been shown that a cytoplasmic and so-called noncanonical glutaminolysis pathway producing pyruvate via aspartate aminotransaminase (AST1, or glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase GOT1, which catalyzes aspartate, α-ketoglutarate or oxaloacetate, and glutamate), malate dehydrogenase (MDH1, which catalyzes malate or oxaloacetate), and malate enzyme (ME1, which catalyzes malate or pyruvate) (Figure 2).