Figure 1 shows baseline concentrations of serum HSP27, HSP70, cvHSP and HSP60 of both control and AF patients; corresponding values are depicted in Supplemental Table S1. These findings and the absence of a correlation between AF stage and HSP levels after correction for potential confounders in a multivariate model (Supplemental Tables S2 and S3) indicate that there are no differences in serum HSP values between the control patients and AF patients with PAF, PeAF and LSPeAF. Here, HSPB7 is linked to atrial fibrillation.