While tumour-derived cytokines, such as CCL2, CXCL10 and CX3CL1, or TAF-derived cytokines such as CCL2, may have some direct influence on angiogenesis, our data suggest that tumour-infiltrating immune cells, particularly M2 macrophages, CD4+ T and FOXP3+ T and B cells, may also have an angiogenic impact. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and neoplasm.