However, phase II clinical trials of galunisertib7, a TGFβ receptor type I (TβRI) inhibitor, and trabedersen8, a TGFβ2 inhibitor, failed to improve the overall survival of GBM patients, which suggests the need for further understanding of the pathological implications of TGFβ signaling in GBM. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and glioblastoma.