VEGFA and cancer: These mechanisms include the activation of the zinc finger transcription factor CREB-mediated IL-6/STAT3/cyclin D1 pathway, the overexpression of neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and matrix metalloproteases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), repression of zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-1 by zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), and RAB27B-mediated release of extracellular vesicles from cancer cells81–83 (Figure 3C).