Higher levels of NfL are also seen in both the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood in those with neurodegenerative, inflammatory, or vascular injury of neurons, in several different neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), AD, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), atypical Parkinsonian disorders (APDs), and traumatic brain injury (TBI). This evidence concerns the gene NEFL and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.