The central role of ICIs in cancer immunotherapy was initially demonstrated in melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer patients by the remarkable clinical efficacy of antibodies that target cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and the programmed cell death protein 1 pathway (PD-1/PD-L1) [18,19]. Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.