It is, therefore, plausible that, in cases of T1D associated with sublytic EV infections, there is early production of type I and type III IFNs leading to upregulation of cellular ribonucleases (such as IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFIT1), ribonuclease L (RNase L), 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1), adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) and PKR) [59] and that these promote the formation of 5′ deletions within the viral RNA to facilitate persistence. Here, OAS1 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.