CD8A and HIV-1 infection: In the setting of untreated HIV-1 infection (i.e., absence of ART), all antiviral effects of CD8+ T cells, including (i) CTL activity, (ii) release of β-chemokines that block virus entry, and (iii) the above-described virus transcriptional silencing, can contribute to the control of virus replication and therefore may be involved in generating the so-called “elite controller” phenotype in which rare PLWH show extremely low viremia in absence of ART[8].